[Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism The Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism (APEM) is the official journal of the Korean Society of Pediatric Endocrinology. It is published four times per year, March 30, June 30, September 30, and December 30. The aim of APEM is to disseminate important new medical information by publishing clinical investigations in pediatric endocrinology and basic research relevance to pediatric endocrinology and metabolism. APEM aims to contribute to the advancement of pediatric endocrinology through the scientific reviews and interchange of all of pediatric endocrinology and metabolism. APEM includes the following sections: current opinions, review articles, original articles, case reports, and letters to the editor. The editorial board requests manuscripts of review articles. Supplements published when they are required. APEM is widely distributed to members of the Korean Society of Pediatric Endocrinology, medical schools, libraries, and institutions.]